Whitepapers arranged in alphabetical order by organisation from U to Z.
U | V | W | X | Y | Z
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U
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Anonymous Byzantine Consensus from Moderately-Hard Puzzles – A Model for Bitcoin
University of Central Florida – Andrew Miller, Joseph J. LaViola, Jr.
We present a formal model of synchronous processes without distinct identifiers (i.e., anonymous processes) that communicate using one-way public broadcasts. Our main contribution is a proof that the Bitcoin protocol achieves consensus in this model, except for a negligible probability, when Byzantine faults make up less than half the network. The protocol is scalable, since the running time and message complexity are all independent of the size of the network, instead depending only on the relative computing power of the faulty processes.
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Approximate Bitcoin Mining
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign – Matthew Vilim, Henry Duwe, Rakesh Kumar
Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency today. A bedrock of the Bitcoin framework is mining, a computation intensive process that is used to verify Bitcoin transactions for proft. We observe that mining is inherently error tolerant due to its embarrassingly parallel and probabilistic nature. We exploit this inherent tolerance to inaccuracy by proposing approximate mining circuits that trade off reliability with area and delay. These circuits can then be operated at Better Than Worst-Case (BTWC) to enable further gains. Our results show that approximation has the potential to increase mining profts by 30%.
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Fair Two-Party Computations via Bitcoin Deposits
University of Warsaw – Marcin Andrychowicz, Stefan Dziembowski, Daniel Malinowski and Lukasz Mazurek
This paper shows how the Bitcoin currency system (with a small modification) can be used to obtain fairness in any two-party secure computation protocol in the following sense: if one party aborts the protocol after learning the output then the other party gets a financial compensation (in bitcoins). One possible application of such protocols is the fair contract signing: each party is forced to complete the protocol, or to pay to the other one a fine.
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Uro Protocol to the NIER Board Members of the Uro Foundation
Uro
The Uro Protocol is a document that will be signed by all Global NIERs and NIERs, which will bind their agreement to trade Uro for Urea in their represented regions. The Uro Protocol will set out a clear set of procedures for the exchange of Uro for Urea, provide unprecedented transparency and efficiency to the global Urea trade.
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V
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Vanillacoin: An efficient decentralized currency for the internet
Vanillacoin
The Uro Protocol is a document that will be signed by all Global NIERs and NIERs, which will bind their agreement to trade Uro for Urea in their represented regions. The Uro Protocol will set out a clear set of procedures for the exchange of Uro for Urea, provide unprecedented transparency and efficiency to the global Urea trade.
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Velocity: An Autonomous, Open Source Platform for Derivatives
Velocity.Technology – Vignesh Sundaresan and Daniel Cawrey
This paper proposes a method for automating derivatives contracts. Velocity is a distributed autonomous derivatives marketplace. It allows people to hedge or gain exposure to movements on an underlying asset. An underlying asset can be the price of a
cryptocurrency such as bitcoin or any other cryptographically backed asset. In Velocity, all derivatives contracts are cash settled. Velocity allows users to hold leveraged positions on any given price feed in the distributed finance world.
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Enabling Anonymous Connections to the VeriCoin Network using Tor
Tor is a protocol allowing for online anonymity by directing network connections through a network composed of over five thousand relays. The Vidalia software allows for connections via a built in SOCKS proxy.
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VeriCoin Anonyminity – VeriSend – How does it work?
Utilizing VeriCoin’s ANON feature will utilize PGP/GPG encryption techniques with new keys unrelated to the wallet keys. The ring node system will have publically available keys for signed messages to be sent with. Messages will be transferred using a JSON string to the listening VeriCoin ring node.
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What is Vertcoin?
Vertcoin – David Muller
Vertcoin is a cryptographic currency, similar to Bitcoin and Litecoin, with one major difference. As the forerunner of the digital currency movement, the original Bitcoin developers were unable to perceive all potential threats that would arise to challenge it’s mission as a decentralized currency.
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Virtual Currency Businesses: An Analysis Of The Evolving Regulatory Landscape
Meghan E. Griffiths
Whether virtual currency businesses boom or go bust remains to be seen. The jury is out on whether Bitcoin or some other digital currency garners widespread acceptance by merchants and consumers as a substitute for the U.S. dollar for the electronic payment of goods and services.
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W
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Waves Whitepaper
Waves – Sasha Ivanov
WAVES is a decentralized blockchain platform focusing on custom blockchain tokens operations. National currencies transfer is maintained on the WAVES blockchain through compliant gateway operators. Decentralized token exchange facilitates fundraising, crowdfunding, and trading of financial instruments on the blockchain.
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X
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Y
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YbCoin Whitepaper
YbCoin – Danny Deng
The founders of YBCoin are a group of enthusiasts and supporters for bitcoin. The name YBCoin, YB stands for the first letter of YuanBao. Yuanbao is a traditional Chinese measure of big bulk gold or silver. It symbols great fortune and prosperity. This paper explores the infrastructure of the protocol’s mining algorithm and release mechanism.
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Z
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Zerocash: Decentralized Anonymous Payments from Bitcoin (extended version)
Zerocash – Eli Ben-Sasson, Alessandro Chiesa, Christina Garman, Matthew Green, Ian Miers, Eran Tromer§ Madars Virza
This paper constructs a full-fledged ledger-based digital currency with strong privacy guarantees. The results leverage recent advances in zero-knowledge Succinct Non-interactive ARguments of Knowledge (zk-SNARKs).
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Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin
Zerocoin – Ian Miers, Christina Garman, Matthew Green, Aviel D. Rubin
This paper constructs a full-fledged ledger-based digital currency with strong privacy guarantees. The results leverage recent advances in zero-knowledge Succinct Non-interactive Arguments of Knowledge (zk-SNARKs).
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ZeroTime: An approach to decentralized autonomous zero confirmation cryptographic-currency transactions
ZeroTime
This paper constructs a full-fledged ledger-based digital currency with strong privacy guarantees. The results leverage recent advances in zero-knowledge Succinct Non-interactive ARguments of Knowledge (zk-SNARKs).
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Ziftrcoin: A Cryptocurrency To Enable Commerce
This paper introduces the technical specification for a new cryptocurrency aimed at simplifying the process for everyday people to acquire and use digital currency. The authors propose a new digital currency that builds on the best features of the digital currencies that have come before, increases security, enables the network to come to a consensus more quickly, and strengthens decentralization by incentivizing miners to prove knowledge of the transaction data they mine.
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