Whitepapers arranged in alphabetical order by organisation from P to T.
P | Q | R | S | T
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P
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Bitter to Better—How to Make Bitcoin a Better Currency
Palo Alto Research Center, University of California, Berkeley – Simon Barber, Xavier Boyen, Elaine Shi, and Ersin Uzun
This paper performs an in-depth investigation to understand what made Bitcoin so successful, while decades of research on cryptographic e-cash has not lead to a large-scale deployment.
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Productive Asset Record System
PAR – Brian Kelly, George Samman, Michael Sofaer & Jacob Dienelt
An open investment recording system built with intelligent lending and hedge fund administration in mind. A first of its kind, a fully transparent administration and audit platform leveraging blockchain technology.
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Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Stake
Peercoin – Sunny King and Scott Nadal
A peer-to-peer crypto-currency design derived from Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin. Proof-of-stake replaces proof-of-work to provide most of the network security. Under this hybrid design proof-of-work mainly provides initial minting and is largely non-essential in the long run. Security level of the network is not dependent on energy consumption in the long term thus providing an energy- efficient and more cost-competitive peer-to-peer crypto-currency.
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A Provably Fair Blockchain-Based Gaming Platform
Peerplays – Jonathan Baha’i, Michael P. Maloney
Provably fair online gaming is badly needed. Enter Peerplays, a solution for provably fair blockchain-based gaming that allows users to design their own specialized tokens or chips, buy or sell gateway tokens for popular cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ether and then wager these tokens in on-chain games.
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An Analysis of Anonymity in Bitcoin Using P2P Network Traffic
Pennsylvania State University – Philip Koshy, Diana Koshy, and Patrick McDaniel
We propose a novel approach to creating and evaluating such mappings solely using real-time transaction traffic collected over 5 months. We developed heuristics for identifying ownership relationships between Bitcoin addresses and IP addresses. We discuss the circumstances under which these relationships become apparent and demonstrate how nearly 1,000 Bitcoin addresses can be mapped to their likely owner IPs by leveraging anomalous relaying behaviour.
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Repurposing Bitcoin Work for Data Preservation
Permacoin – Andrew Miller, Ari Juels, Elaine Shi, Bryan Parno and Jonathan Katz
This paper proposes a modification to Bitcoin that repurposes its mining resources to achieve a more broadly useful goal: dis- tributed storage of archival data. We call our new scheme Permacoin. Unlike Bitcoin and its proposed alternatives, Permacoin requires clients to invest not just computational resources, but also storage.
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The Pink Entanglement Engine – A Coin Independent Transaction Anonymizer Daemon
Pinkcoin – Website 1, Website 2
The introduction of the first iteration of the pink entanglement engine as a solution for anonymous transactions between users of bitcoin based cryptocurrencies. Anonymity is essential to such coins, and there has been a long history and a number of attempts to implement greater levels of anonymity into bitcoin and its derivative ‘altcoins’. The pink entanglement engine provides a new and different approach that anonymizes transactions in such a way that the link between sender and receiver is completely and permanently untraceable and unrecoverable.
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Plutus White Paper
The Plutus Mobile Application enables a user to make contactless Bitcoin payments at any merchant with a Near Field Communication (NFC) enabled checkout terminal. This is the most practical way to pay with Bitcoin, because the payment process consists only of holding a mobile device above the merchants NFC reader. As a result, Bitcoin payments are effeffectively accepted by proxy at over 32 million brick and mortar merchants around the world. The primary purpose of Plutus is to provide incentive for, and enable, the practical day to-day usage of Bitcoin; ultimately accelerating mass-consumer adoption.
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Positron Anonymous Transaction Technology
Positron
Positron proposes a solution to make tracing payments nearly impossible. The system will implement a series of “Masternodes” that clutter transactions in the blockchain, creating a unique “Ramchain” technology that allows the ”Masternodes” to get involved with transactions. This will not be a layer on top of the blockchain or a series of mixer nodes, but instead a flurry of inputs in a particular transaction that masks its true destination.
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Primecoin: Cryptocurrency with Prime Number Proof-of-Work
A new type of proof-of-work based on searching for prime numbers is introduced in peer-to-peer cryptocurrency designs. Three types of prime chains known as Cunningham chain of first kind, Cunningham chain of second kind and bi-twin chain are qualified as proof-of-work. Prime chain is linked to block hash to preserve the security property of Nakamoto’s Bitcoin, while a continuous difficulty evaluation scheme is designed to allow prime chain to act as adjustable-difficulty proof-of-work in a Bitcoin like cryptocurrency.
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Proof of Activity: Extending Bitcoin’s Proof of Work via Proof of Stake
Iddo Bentov, Charles Lee, Alex Mizrahi and Meni Rosenfeld
A new protocol for a cryptocurrency, that builds upon the Bitcoin protocol by combining its Proof of Work component with a Proof of Stake type of system. The Proof of Activity (PoA) protocol offers good security against possibly practical future attacks on Bitcoin, and has a relatively low penalty in terms of network communication and storage space. The paper explores various attack scenarios and suggests remedies to potential vulnerabilities of the PoA protocol, as well as evaluate the performance of its core subroutine.
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Q
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R
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How Tor based Cryptocurrencies Solve The Anonymity Problems of Bitcoin
Razor
The past few months have seen a plethora of coins which claim to solve the problems of Bitcoin’s pseudononymous transactions. Unfortunately, these efforts have failed miserably due to a lack of understanding of what the anonymity issues of Bitcoin truly are, as none of these alleged anonymous systems have addressed the fundamental problem of detaching the user from the transaction itself. Torbased cryptocurrencies, such as Razor, solve this problem by creating an entire ecosystem which exists solely within a timetested, secure, distributed, and anonymous network.
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Proof of Stake Velocity: Building the Social Currency of the Digital Age
Reddcoin – Larry Ren
Proof of Stake Velocity (PoSV) is proposed as an alternative to Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) to secure the peer-to-peer network and confirm transactions of Reddcoin, a cryptocurrency created specifi- cally to facilitate social interactions in the digital age.
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RibbitRewards Whitepaper
Loyyal – formally (Ribbit Rewards)
RibbitRewards (RBT) are reward credits that will be tracked using a Bitcoin-derived blockchain. This gives RibbitRewards transaction abilities which typically are not possible with other rewards systems. Users will be able to exchange RibbitRewards into goods and services, as well as virtual or fiat currencies, without the involvement of Ribbit.me Furthermore, the value of RBT should “float” depending on the purchasing behavior of its holders.
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The Ripple Protocol Consensus Algorithm
Ripple – David Schwartz, Noah Youngs, Arthur Britto
Presented in this paper is a novel consensus algorithm that circumvents this requirement by utilizing collectively-trusted subnetworks within the larger network. We show that the “trust” required of these subnetworks is in fact minimal and can be further reduced with principled choice of the member nodes.
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The Ripple Protocol – A Deep Dive For Finance Professionals
Ripple is a universal protocol founded in 2012 to power the cheapest and fastest payment system for value transfer. Ripple’s technology enables users to transfer funds (including fiat currencies, digital currencies and other forms of value) across national boundaries as seamlessly as sending an email.
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Ripple: A Primer
Ripple is an Internet protocol for making financial transactions. You can use Ripple to send money anywhere in the world, in any currenc, instantly and for free.
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Ripple Solution Guide
Ripple’s solution is built around a network that requires no central operator, resulting in instant transaction verification and settlement certainty. It offers a cryptographically secure end-to-end payment flow with transaction immutability and information redundancy.
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Ripple Brochure
Ripple provides access to a global network of banks and market makers. Using Ripple as infrastructure technology, banks settle cross-currency transactions instantly and with complete visibility and certainty, resulting in the lowest total cost of settlement for every transaction.
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Rootstock – Bitcoin powered Smart Contracts – Revision: 9
RSK Labs – Sergio Demian Lerner
RSK is an evolution of QixCoin, a turing-complete cryptocurrency created back in 2013 by the same development team. RSK provides an improved payment experience with near instant confirmations. It achieves currently 300 tps and confirms most payments in less than 20 seconds. And yet, is still based on the same security guarantees Bitcoin has, supporting SHA-256D merged mining.
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Drivechains, Sidechains and Hybrid 2way peg Designs
RSK Labs – Sergio Demian Lerner
A 2way peg (2WP) protocol is a protocol that allows transfers of a cryptocurrency from a main blockchain to a second blockchain and viceversa requiring low thirdparty trust. This article compares the existing 2WP methods for a blockchain: a Federation, a Sidechain and Drivechain. We also investigate hybrid methods and try to evaluate them to choose which is best suited for the 2WP of the RSK platform on each stage of adoption.
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Centrally Banked Cryptocurrencies
RSCoin – George Danezis, Sarah Meiklejohn
RSCoin is a cryptocurrency framework in which central banks maintain complete control over the monetary supply, but rely on a distributed set of authorities, or mintettes, to prevent double-spending. While monetary policy is centralized, RSCoin still provides strong transparency and auditability guarantees. Demonstrated in this paper are both theoretically and experimentally, the benefits of a modest degree of centralization, such as the elimination of wasteful hashing and a scalable system for avoiding double- spending attacks.
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S
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Safe Exchange: A Peer-to-Peer Decentralized Contract Market Platform
Safe Exchange – Daniel Dabek
The Safe Exchange is a platform on which any person can create a digital item and also issue a digital contract. The Safe Network allows a person to store any kind of information and communicate any kind of information with cryptographic integrity. Through a client application a user can define an item’s attributes and then later offer that item in a contract to a marketplace where other people can discover, scrutinize, and even fulfill the terms of the contract autonomously without the necessity of a ‘trusted third party’ to intervene in transactions.
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SaffronCoin – White Paper
SaffronCoin is revolutionary crypto currency founded by developers in India for the sub-continent, the South Asia Region and theWorld. The currency launched in April 2014 with an unusually small 0.0007 % premine.
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Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work.
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SendChat- White Paper
Blocktrail – (formley SendChat)
SendChat has established grounds on the basis of becoming the main communication tool devised using the blockchain technology. The platform will infuse existing technologies telegram that not only deliver a platform which has been extensively developed with privacy and security in mind but also other digital currency platforms such as Bitcoin, Dogecoin etc. to produce a winning solution that can cater to both new and existing messaging users.
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ShadowCash: Zeroknowledge Anonymous Distributed ECash via Traceable Ring Signatures
ShadowCash – Rynomster and Tecnovert
Presented in this paper is an anonymous cryptographic transaction protocol which utilises: dualkey stealth addresses, traceable ring signatures and non-interactive zero knowledge proofs. The paper shows how their scheme introduces a much higher level of privacy and anonymity to the network while still preserving the core principles of trustless decentralization, unforgeability and doublespend prevention. The authors also also present performance data of their scheme which includes proof sizes, signature generation times and verification times.
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Sia: Simple Decentralized Storage
Siacoin – David Vorick and Luke Champine
The authors introduce Sia, a platform for decentralized storage. Sia enables the formation of storage contracts between peers. Contracts are agreements between a storage provider and their client, defining what data will be stored and at what price.
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Decentralized Autonomous Organization To Automate Governance (DAO)
Slock it – Christoph Jentzsch
This paper describes the first implementation of Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) code to automate organizational governance and decision-making. The code can be used by individuals working together collaboratively outside of a traditional corporate form. It can also be used by a registered corporate entity to automate formal governance rules contained in corporate by laws or imposed by law. First the DAO concept is described, then minority rights is discussed, and a solution to a “robbing the minority” attack vector is proposed. Finally, a practical implementation of a frst generation DAO entity is provided using smart contracts written in Solidity on the Ethereum blockchain.
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SpreadCoin – Whitepaper
Controlling more than 50% of mining power allows to perform double-spending attacks with 100% chance of success but even with less than 50% control it is possible to perform attacks which have chances to succeed. The core idea of SpreadCoin is to prevent creation of pools and thus make mining more decentralized and the whole system more secure.
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Stealthsend Whitepaper Brief
StealthCoin – Hondo
The author of this paper describes the essential theory and properties of stealthsend.
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Anonymous Secure Decentralized SMS
Stealthtext is a way to send stealthcoin privately and securely using SMS texting. stealthtext is invaluable in situations where you can not access a data plan. With stealthtext, you can send others stealthcoin directly from your wallet and receive confirmation by SMS.
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Steem – An incentivized, blockchain-based social media platform
Steem – Daniel Larimer, Ned Scott, Valentine Zavgorodnev, Benjamin Johnson, James Calfee and Michael Vandeberg
Steem is a blockchain database that supports community building and social interaction with cryptocurrency rewards. Steem combines concepts from social media with lessons learned from building cryptocurrencies and their communities. An important key to inspiring participation in any community, currency or free market economy is a fair accounting system that consistently reflects each person’s contribution. Steem is the first cryptocurrency that attempts to accurately and transparently reward an unbounded number of individuals who make subjective contributions to its community.
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Stratis Whitepaper
Stratis is a powerful and flexible blockchain Development Platform designed for the needs of real-world financial services businesses and other organisations that want to develop, test and deploy applications on the blockchain. Stratis blockchain apps can be developed in pure C# and can also utilize the Microsoft .NET framework, while also taking advantage of the powerful Stratis APIs and framework.
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Navajo Anonymous Technology
Summercoin – Soopy
This documents an extensive number of questions that have been asked by the community members and potential questions that might help understand the technology involved.
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SuperCoin & SuperSend Whitepaper
SuperCoin is an innovative X11 PoW/PoS coin, with PoW and PoS superblocks, and with anonymous wallet features. The anonymous send is done through SuperSend technology. SuperSend is an anonymous send technology belonging to the Coinjoin catalogue. It is implemented natively for SuperCoin (and may be used by other coins in the future as well).
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SuperNET – Information for prospective volunteers
SuperNET is a movement of volunteer participants who will donate their time and money to support a radical new cryptocurrency initiative. SuperNET itself is not a cryptocurrency. Participation in SuperNET and distribution of any revenues it may generate in the future will be denoted by ownership of cryptoTokens given in exchange for donations.
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Synereo: The Decentralized and Distributed Social Network
Synereo – Dor Konforty, Yuval Adam, Daniel Estrada and Lucius Gregory Meredith
Synereo is a next-gen decentralized and distributed social network designed for an attention economy. The presentation is given in two chapters. Chapter 1 presents the design philosophy. Chapter 2 defines a network model showing the mechanics of the network interactions, as well as the compensation model enabling users to promote content on the network and receive compensation for attention given to the network.
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T
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Tauchain
Tauchain – Ohad Asor
τ-chain (pronounced tau-chain) is a decentralized peer-to-peer network having three unified faces: Rules, Proofs, and Computer Programs, allowing a generalization of virtually any centralized or decentralized P2P network, together with many new abilities, presented in this note.
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Teambrella: A Peer-to-Peer Insurance System
Teambrella – Alex Paperno, Vlad Kravchuk and Eugene Porubaev
Most insurance services are currently both inefficient and nontransparent. This note proposes a way to solve these issues by implementing a system that provides peer to peer insurance. Peers have mutual control on most aspects of their insurance, such as risk evaluation and processing of payments. The mutual control is implemented via a voting mechanism that can be delegated to proxies. To ease the burden of payments between peers, Bitcoin is used as a mean of providing coverage and payment of reimbursements.
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Tendermint: Consensus without Mining
Tendermint – Jae Kwon
Most insurance services are currently both inefficient and nontransparent. This note proposes a way to solve these issues by implementing a system that provides peer to peer insurance. Peers have mutual control on most aspects of their insurance, such as risk evaluation and processing of payments. The mutual control is implemented via a voting mechanism that can be delegated to proxies. To ease the burden of payments between peers, Bitcoin is used as a mean of providing coverage and payment of reimbursements.
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Tether: Fiat currencies on the Bitcoin blockchain
A digital token backed by fiat currency provides individuals and organizations with a robust and decentralized method of exchanging value while using a familiar accounting unit. In order to maintain accountability and to ensure stability in exchange price, the proposed method is to maintain a one to one reserve ratio between a cryptocurrency token, called tethers, and its associated real world asset, fiat currency. This method uses the Bitcoin blockchain, Proof of Reserves, and other audit methods to prove that issued tokens are fully backed and reserved at all times.
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The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol: Analysis and Applications
Juan A. Garay and Aggelos Kiayias
Bitcoin is the first and most popular decentralized cryptocurrency to date. In this work, the authors extract and analyze the core of the Bitcoin protocol, which they term the Bitcoin backbone, and prove two of its fundamental properties which they call common prefix and chain quality in the static setting where the number of players remains fixed.
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The General Theory of Decentralized Applications, DApps
David Johnston, Sam Onat Yilmaz, Jeremy Kandah, Nikos Bentenitis, Farzad Hashemi, Ron Gross, Shawn Wilkinson and Steven Mason
This paper describes why decentralized applications have the potential to be immensely successful, how the different types of decentralized applications can be classified, and introduces terminology that aims to be accurate and helpful to the community. Finally, this paper postulates that these decentralized applications will some day surpass the world’s largest software corporations in utility, user-base, and network valuation due to their superior incentivization structure, flexibility, transparency, resiliency, and distributed nature.
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The Value of App Coins
David A. Johnston, Joel Dietz and Ron Gross
This white paper seeks to put forth the economic and technical reasons that the digital tokens known as “App Coins” can develop a value in the market and maintain their value over the long term, should their associated application gain adoption by users. App Coins can be implemented for solid technical or economic reasons. However projects should think carefully about their particular application and evaluate if there are compelling technical or economic justifications for the creation of an App Coin or if a for-profit business model may be better suited than a crowdsale model involving a pre-sale of the tokens that gives access to the services.
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DeKo: An Electricity-Backed Currency Proposal
Thoughtful Capital Group – Nick Gogerty, Joseph Zitoli
Currencies play an important role in facilitating trade and economic growth. Shifts in currency values may lead to economic dislocations deleterious to trade and growth. Most currencies are issued by government central banks. These central banks hold assets in the form of government debt and gold against the currency they issue.
SolarCoin is a digital currency distributed to incentivize 97,500 TWh of Solar energy over 40 years. The basis for this cryptocurrency is the 2011 paper co-authored by Nick Gogerty, of Thoughtful Capital Group, titled “DeKo: An Electricity-Backed Currency Proposal“:
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Chainpoint – A scalable protocol for recording data in the blockchain and generating blockchain receipts
Tierion – Wayne Vaughan, Shawn Wilkinson, Jason Bukowski
A standard for maximizing the scalability of recording data in the blockchain and generating blockchain receipts. Each receipt contains all the information needed to verify the data without relying on a trusted third party. The original Chainpoint 1.0 specification has been updated based on a year of learning.
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