Whitepapers arranged in alphabetical order by organisation from A to E.
A | B | C | D | E
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A
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Ambisafe Server: Design Overview
The goal of this project is to lower the minimal education level that is required for a company to build a cryptocurrency based product. We do this by encapsulating cryptography and database reliability algorithms into a server software product.
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Time Stamping Schemes: A Distributed Point of View
Time stamping is a technique used to prove the existence of a digital document prior to a specific point in time. Today, implemented schemes rely on a centralized server model that has to be trusted. We point out the drawbacks of these schemes, showing that the unique server represent a weak point for the system. We propose an alternative scheme which is based on a network of servers managed by administratively independent entities. This scheme appears to be a trusted and reliable distributed time stamping scheme.
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Apollo – All-in-one Cryptocurrency
This paper has been prepared by the Apollo DAE team and may be updated as needed. Most topics discussed in this paper may change over time or become irrelevant as technology, business and trading evolves. Apollo’s primary goal is to create a digital asset exchange (DAE) platform that provides advanced yet easy-to-use trading tools, a liquid trading book, market and trading information, market protections from malicious traders, advanced security, and 24/7 reliable customer support. We have many more plans and goals than just these few, but these are the main features we aim to incorporate before opening Apollo for trading.
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API Network: Creating a New API Business Ecosystem
The goal of API Network is to take all the APIs out in the world, and provide a universal mechanism for querying them. APICoin will provide a transparent and distributed way to compensate developers and service providers for their effort.
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Towards An Ownership Layer for the Internet
One long-standing drawback to the Internet is the hidden ‘artist penalty.’ The very strengths of the Internet make it difficult for creators of digital content to be fairly compensated for their work. This paper describes the implementation and proposes a fix that makes it easy to control one’s intellectual property by constituting a new “ownership layer” on top of the existing Interne
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AudioCoin (ADC) – A Digital Currency For The Music Industry
AudioCoin – Kenneth I Foster, Mark P Szymik, David Blundell
AudioCoin builds on the Peercoin and (by association) Bitcoin protocol to provide a new way to consume music. It breaks down the barriers of traditional e-commerce systems and provides a super cool way for music fans and artists to engage in viral marketing. The main gain is that artists (producers) and music fans (consumers) are rewarded tangibly and thereby rendering the current streaming model both archaic and redundant.
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A Decentralized, Open-Source Platform for Prediction Markets
Augur – Dr. Jack Peterson & Joseph Krug
Augur is a trustless, decentralized platform for prediction markets. It is an extension of Bitcoin Core’s source code which preserves as much of Bitcoin’s proven code and security as possible. Each feature required for prediction markets is constructed from Bitcoin’s input/output-style transactions.
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B
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BigchainDB: A Scalable Blockchain Database
BigchainDB | ascribe
This paper describes BigchainDB. BigchainDB lls a gap in the decentralization ecosystem: a decentralized database, at scale. It points to performance of 1 million writes per second throughput, storing petabytes of data, and sub-second latency. The BigchainDB design starts with a distributed database (DB), and through a set of innovations adds blockchain characteristics: decentralized control, immutability, and creation & movement of digital assets.
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Teleport: anonymity through off blockchain transaction information transfer – A Dark Paper for BTCD
BitcoinDark – Captain James Lee
Teleport uses packages called telepods to send all the information required to make a transaction to the desired recipient, over a secure connection outside of the blockchain. Telepods are cloned by the recipient to prevent double spending, and sent to the next recipient when desired – or else emptied onto a previously-used account on the blockchain again. The contents of the telepod are therefore recorded on the blockchain at the point of cloning. However, if a completely new address is used every time, there is no way to know who has held the telepod over the course of its lifespan. The only thing that may conceivably be inferred is the original creator of the telepod.
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BitCongress Whitepaper
A purely peer to peer version of electronic vote would allow online votes to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a central voting register. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double voting. We propose a solution to the double voting problem using a peer to peer network. The network timestamps elections by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash based proof of work & proof of tally forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof chain.
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Digital Assets on Public Blockchains
Digital asset management is one of promising applications of blockchain technology. Blockchains could provide principal disintermediation between digital asset issuers, application developers and consumers and decouple tasks related to asset management, such as issuance, transaction processing, securing users’ funds and establishing users’ identities. This paper outlines basic components of blockchain-based asset ledgers, as well as their use cases for financial services and for emerging Internet of Things and consumer-to-consumer markets. We describe existing and prospective deployment models for asset ledgers, including multi-asset blockchains, colored coin and metacoin protocols. This paper focuses primarily on Bitcoin-based services and, to a lesser degree, on public blockchains in general.
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Incentive Mechanisms for Securing the Bitcoin Blockchain
This white paper studies the two major incentive mechanisms which provide for the security and immutability of the Bitcoin blockchain: block rewards and transaction fees. We examine the role such incentives play in providing the resilience of the Bitcoin blockchain to blockchain reorganization and denial of service attacks, and the sources of blockchain security in the context of emerging off-chain payment methods. Machine-to-machine / Internet of Things payments are also examined due to the enabling impact blockchain technology could have in organizing the decentralized economy. Lastly, we present a methodology for estimating the aggregate transaction fees over the Bitcoin network in the medium term based on existing and emerging Bitcoin applications.
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Block Size Increase
Plans of block size increase are a subject of a heated debate in the Bitcoin community. The subject has gained increasing attention since the beginning of 2015, when the size of blocks started to approach the current hard limit of one megabyte. We study arguments or and against block size increase, and we analyze existing proposals by influential Bitcoin developers to increase the block size limit.
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Proof of Stake versus Proof of Work
Proof of stake is a consensus mechanism for digital currencies that is an alternative to proof of work used in Bitcoin. The main declared advantages of proof of stake approaches are the absence of expensive computations and hence a lower entry barrier for block generation rewards. In this report, we examine the pros and cons of both consensus systems and show that existing implementations of proof of stake are vulnerable to attacks which are highly unlikely in Bitcoin and proof of work approaches in general.
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Public versus Private Blockchains Part 1: Permissioned Blockchains
Bitfury Group in collaboration with Jeff Garzik
Blockchain-based solutions are one of the major areas of research for institutions, particularly in the financial and the government sectors. There is little disagreement that backbone technologies currently used in these sectors are outdated and need an overhaul to conform to the needs of the times. Distributed or decentralized ledgers in the form of blockchains are one of the most discussed potential solutions to the stated problem. We provide a description of permissioned blockchain systems that could be used in creating secure ledgers or timestamped registries. We contend that the blockchain protocol and data should be accessible to end users to provide a higher level of decentralization and transparency and argue that proof of work could be effectively used in permissioned blockchains as a means of providing and diversifying security.
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Public versus Private Blockchains Part 2: Permissionless Blockchains
Bitfury Group in collaboration with Jeff Garzik
Blockchain-based solutions are one of the major areas of research for financial institutions and in other applications across the globe. There is currently an ongoing debate whether the existing blockchain-based systems (such as Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies) can be utilized as is in proprietary contexts, and whether their openness and censorship resistance are fitting properties in this case. We provide arguments for the use of permissionless blockchains and open blockchain protocols in creating ledgers and registries, devoting particular attention to the Bitcoin blockchain as the most commercially successful and secure permissionless blockchain. We study potential applications of permissionless chains in proprietary environments, such as colored coins, peer-to-peer payment channels and transaction processing by known validators.
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Mathematical Formalism for Voting Process in Bitcoin
We propose a mathematical formalism for the voting process in Bitcoin ecosystem. This formalism can be used to algorithmically determine the best value of a certain parameter (e.g., a block size limit) which will be considered appropriate by all voters. The proposed approach is aimed to clarify vagueness of some proposed voting processes that potentially allows a party with marginal voting power to dictate their conditions to the rest of the network. To solve the problem, we introduce a non-negative dissatisfaction function and minimize its value summed over all votes. The value of the block size limit (and, potentially, other parameters of the protocol) found this way will satisfy voters provided the dissatisfaction function is chosen appropriately.
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Shared Send Untangling in Bitcoin
Bitfury Group – Yuriy Yanovich, Pavel Mischenko & Aleksei Ostrovskiy
This white paper focuses on the existing tangling techniques of “shared send” transactions and presents an approach to detect usage of mixing schemes.
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Bitland Whitepaper
The mission of the Bitland Project is to register land and real property ownership and use rights in a secure, easily-accessible electronic format to allow for timely access of ownership and rights information, and to educate people on the importance of strong property rights in the prosperity of the nation.
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Bitmessage: A Peer‐to‐Peer Message Authentication and Delivery System
Bitmessage – Jonathan Warren
Proposed in this paper is a system that allows users to securely send and receive messages, and subscribe to broadcast messages, using a trustless decentralized peer‐to‐peer protocol. Users need not exchange any data beyond a relatively short (around 36 character) address to ensure security and they need not have any concept of public or private keys to use the system. It is also designed to mask non content data, like the sender and receiver of messages, from those not involved in the communication.
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BitNation Whitepaper
BitNation – Susanne Tarkowski Tempelhof
Bitnation, founded in 2014 by Susanne Tarkowski Tempelhof, is a for-profit organization powered by the blockchain technology that aggregates both human capital and decentralized applications (DAPPs) in order to provide governance services for a small fee.
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Using Blockchain to Boost Commerce
BitScan – Rob Wilson
Open Blockchain technology holds the key to exploiting the many billion dollar rewards orientated marketing industry, which currently suffers from fractures and frictions that leak value and undermine participation. This paper outlines the disruptive impact that introduction of an industry-wide reward currency would have in opening up this ecosystem, discusses the specific technical requirements required to do so and proposes an implementation strategy that aligns industry stakeholder, consumer and investor interests.
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BitShares: Decentralized Bank & Exchange
BitShares – Daniel Larimer
Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin have opened the door to an economic revolution in the information age as significant as the industrial revolution before it. BitShares X is the first experiment in taking the ideas introduced by Bitcoin to the next level by producing trust free digital assets that have the potential to track the price of anything1. In this paper we share the details of how BitShares X is designed and functions.
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Bitshares 2.0: General Overview
BitShares – Daniel Larimer
BitShares 2.0 is an industrial-grade decentralized platform built for high-performance financial smart contracts. The decentralized exchange that allows for trading of arbitrary pairs without counterparty risk facilitates only one out of many available features. Market-pegged assets, such as the bitUSD, are crypto tokens that come with all the advantages of traditional cryptocurrencies like bitcoin but trade for at least the value of their underlying asset, e.g. $1. Furthermore, BitShares represents the first decentralized autonomous company that lets its shareholders decide on its future direction and products. This paper gives a brief overview over the whole BitShares platform, recapitulates known blockchain technologies and redefines state-of-the-art.
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Bitshares 2.0: Financial Smart Contract Platform
BitShares – Daniel Larimer
BitShares has created such a technology, and has coined the term “decentralized exchange” (DEX) to describe our Bitcoin 2.0 platform. Currently, it supports trade not only in digital assets, but also traditional financial instruments and securities on the blockchain. The two main tools we provide for the creation of these instruments, market pegged assets (MPA) and user-issued assets (UIA), are discussed in detail in this paper.
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Decentralized Peer to Peer Game Assets Platform, Integration with Third Party Games using Smart Contract
BitShares PLAY is an experiment to demonstrate and validate how a decentralized, autonomous game asset platform might be implemented. The platform features multiple provablyfair games of chance, as well as the ability to integrate various third party games and their asset systems. Shares of PLAY (PLS) are combined with all of the assets of both built in and third party games form a free marketplace and exchange. Systems like this are also known as Decentralized Autonomous Companies (DAC).
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BitShares PLAY Non-technical Whitepaper
Bitshares PLAY（PLAY in short）Leverages the block chain technology, attempts to establish a decentralized autonomous game platform. Any third party can develop various provably fair games, including types that are never seen before. These games feature entertainment and fairness at the same time. Meanwhile, PLAY embodies the function of random number generation (see appendix for technical details) and custom asset and exchange are accessible to third-party developers, providing fairness and asset issuing with convenience and technical support.
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BitSquare: The Decentalized Bitcoin Exchange
Bitsquare is an open source peer-to-peer application that allows anyone to buy and sell Bitcoin in exchange to national currencies or alternative crypto currencies. Bitsquare protects user’s privacy by using a custom P2P network over Tor , in which every user is a participating node. An all-in-one desktop application (for Linux, OS X and Windows) provides an intuitive user interface and executes the trading protocol.
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BlackCoin’s Proof-of-Stake Protocol v2
Blackcoin – Pavel Vasin
The current Proof of Stake protocol has several potential security issues: coin age can be abused by malicious nodes to gain significant network weight to perform a successful double spend. Additionally, due to coin age, honest nodes can abuse the system by staking only on a periodical basis. This does not secure the network. Lastly: in the current system all components of a stake of proof are predictable enough to allow pre-computation of future proof-of-stakes. In this paper a system is proposed to solve said issues.
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From ‘Blockchain Hype’ to a Real Business Case for Financial Markets
Banca IMI; Bocconi University – Massimo Morini
There has been a lot of noise in the press about the great potential uses for financial markets of Bitcoin-related technology, that could be extracted from the Bitcoin world and applied to existing markets to increase efficiency dramatically. Later, there has been a lot of noise about the fact that there is no actual use but all boils down to a generic enthusiasm called Blockchain Hype, and Bitcoin is the only reality where such technology can be fruitfully used.
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Two Party double deposit trustless escrow in cryptographic networks and Bitcoin
BitHalo – David Zimbeck
The signature and scripting system that Bitcoin uses allows for the creation of smart contracts. Also using signatures, it is possible to create accounts that require multiple signatures (multisig accounts) as well as transactions with multiple inputs and outputs. There has been discussion of some of the current weaknesses with smart contracts. We address these weaknesses to make smart contracts immediately accessible on the Bitcoin network. As proposed, this protocol offers a system of commitment schemes and business protocols that greatly reduces the issues of extortion and malleability from two-party escrow.
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Blocks & Chains Decentralized Exchange – A Peershare for exchanging cryptoassets
Blockshares – Jordan Lee, with contributions from Tom Joad and Michael Witrant (aka sigmike)
The arrival of a decentralized exchange has been eagerly anticipated within the cryptoasset community. Exchange hackings and defaults have been a major problem discouraging use of cryptoassets. We will present the design for Blocks & Chains Decentralized Exchange (B&C Exchange), a decentralized exchange where native blockchain assets are traded directly, without the use of proxy assets.
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Blockstack: A Global Naming and Storage System Secured by Blockchains
In this paper, the authors describe their experiences operating a large deployment of a decentralized PKI service built on top of the Namecoin blockchain. Present in this note are various challenges pertaining to network reliability, throughput, and security that we needed to overcome while registering and updating over 33,000 entries and 200,000 transactions on the Namecoin blockchain. Further, we discuss how our experience informed the design of a new blockchain-based naming and storage system called Blockstack.
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Enabling Blockchain Innovations with Pegged Sidechains
We propose a new technology, pegged sidechains, which enables bitcoins and other ledger assets to be transferred between multiple blockchains. This gives users access to new and innovative cryptocurrency systems using the assets they already own.
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C
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Verifiable Anonymous Identities and Access Control in Permissioned Blockchains
ChainAnchor – Thomas Hardjono, Alex (Sandy) Pentland
In this paper we address the issue of identity and access control within shared permissioned blockchains. We propose the ChainAchor system that provides anonymous but verifiable identities for entities on the blockchain. ChainAchor also provides access control to entities seeking to submit transactions to the blockchain to read/verify transactions on the the permissioned blockchain. Consensus nodes enforce access control to the shared permissioned blockchain by a simple look-up to a (read-only) list of anonymous members’ public keys.
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CheckOutCoin
The CheckoutCoin vision is the creation of a complete alt-coin payments solution that integrates automated dynamic pricing. This advanced dynamic pricing engine is devised to calculate in real-time the liquidation value of an equivalent amount of the base currency (for instance US dollars or Euros). In other words, given defined base pricing in a broader currency the engine can look at the order depth and books across multiple supported exchanges and determine what the real equivalent value is in alt- coin quantity.
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Cinni – Anonymous Transfer/Payments
The primary invention enabling a crypto currency to overcome the double spending problem is the blockchain record. This blockchain record is public and therefore can be used to track payments to and from an address. Proposed is a system to use the CINNI encrypted messaging system and onion routing (similar to TOR) in combination with “reserve relay nodes”, to enable completely anonymous transfers/payments within the blockchain system. This paper is intended to be a simple explanation of the proposed anonymous transfer system, a more detailed explanation of the system will follow after development has been completed.
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A Note on Cryptocurrency Stabilisation: Seigniorage Shares
Clearmatics – Robert Sams
In this paper, the authors argue that next-generation cryptocurrencies should incorporate an elastic supply rule that adjust the quantity of coin supply proportionately to changes in coin market value. There are two difficult problems to solve in order to implement such a scheme. This note outlines a solution to one of those problems, and offers some suggestions on how the other problem might be solved.
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CloakCoin PoSA v3.0
CloakCoin is a cryptocurrency designed to facilitate trustless and anonymous, decentralized transfers with PoSA (Proof-of-Stake-Anonymous transfers), and secure, anonymous and decentralized marketplace trading with OneMarket. Cloak is a dual PoW/PoS (Proof of Work, Proof of Stake) coin, which is now in the Proof-of-Stake (interest bearing) stage.
CloakCoin PoSA V3.0 Audit Report
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CloakCoin PoSA v3.0
CloakCoin is a cryptocurrency designed to facilitate trustless and anonymous, decentralized transfers with PoSA (Proof-of-Stake-Anonymous transfers), and secure, anonymous and decentralized marketplace trading with OneMarket. Cloak is a dual PoW/PoS (Proof of Work, Proof of Stake) coin, which is now in the Proof-of-Stake (interest bearing) stage.
CloakCoin PoSA V3.0 Audit Report
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OneMarket: A Peer-to-Peer Internet Marketplace
CloakCoin – The Dagger
An entirely peer to peer form of internet e-commerce that will permit buyers and sellers to trade with one another without a governing central point of control. The existing Cloakcoin blockchain, a descendant of the Bitcoin protocol, provides a key part in distributing the “public marketplace listings ledger” across an existing p2p network. OneMarket is designed to be a decentralized, trustless, self-organizing, and self-regulating system to facilitate trade.
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Decentralized P2P Crypto Currency Transaction Anonymity via Proof of Stake Protocol Extensions
CloakCoin – Z, Cloak Technical Services Division
“Block chain based crypto currencies of the bitcoin 1.0 generation are by their nature pseudonymous. The Block chain consists of transaction inputs and outputs and the flow of transactions can be correlated to Identify the spender and recipient of coins. In this paper, a system is proposed to provide anonymity of Transactions by extending the existing protocol to broadcast, redeem-on-behalf-of, and forward inputs to Outputs in such a fashion that the origination and recipient cannot be directly linked through block chain Analysis. The proposed solution will be implemented in the cloakcoin alternative crypto currency.”
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CloakCoin Cloak System
This document comprises a number of Frequently Asked Questions that have come up in forums and
messages to the CloakCoin development team.
Deutsche Version
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Smart Oracles: A Simple, Powerful Approach to Smart Contracts
Introduced in this paper is an implementation of smart oracles, called Codius (based on the Latin “ius” meaning “law”), which uses Google’s Native Client for code sandboxing
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Colored Coins BitcoinX
Colored Coins – Yoni Assia, Vitalik Buterin, Leor Hakim, Meni Rosenfeld
In this paper we propose CoinShuffle, a completely decentralized Bitcoin mixing protocol that allows users to utilize Bitcoin in a truly anonymous manner. CoinShuffle is inspired by the accountable anonymous group communication protocol Dissent and enjoys several advantages over its predecessor Bitcoin mixing protocols.
Overview of Colored Coins by Meni Rosenfeld, December 4, 2012
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CryptCoin: An Innovative System for Fully Decentralized, Anonymous Transactions With A Unique Method of Public/Private Key Broadcasting
CryptCoin is a new breed of Anonymous cryptographic currency based on X11 hashing algorithm with ongoing Proof of Work mining and sustained Proof of Stake minting, While other anonymous and pseudo-anonymous crypto-currencies take advantage of ‘masternodes’ and ‘mixers’, CryptCoin utilizes a more egalitarian way of anonymizing transfers from point A to point B, without charging users a fee for the feature.
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Crypti White Paper
Crypti is a next generation platform that allows for the development and distribution of JavaScript based decentralized applications using an easy to use, fully featured ecosystem. Through Crypti, developers can build, publish, distribute, and monetize their applications within a custom built cryptocurrency powered system that utilizes custom blockchains, smart contracts, cloud storage, and computing nodes; all from within one industry solution.
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Accelerating cryptocurrency adoption through diversified pools, comprehensive user education and human connection
CryptoDEX by Jake Vartanian, Noah Kramer
The Cryptodex model achieves widespread growth in the cryptocurrency market by providing diversified and risk balanced cryptocurrency pools via a user friendly platform, combined with an extensive all levels education portal. Similar to Vanguard, our concept-driven pools circumvent much of the volatility of the current environment by aligning with broad market trends rather than individual ventures.
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Cryptonite: The Mini-Blockchain
Cryptonite – J.D. Bruce
Almost all P2P crypto-currencies prevent double spending and similar such attacks with a bulky “blockchain” scheme, and the ones which do not typically use some sort of pseudo-decentralized solution to manage the transactions. Here we propose a purely P2P crypto-currency scheme where old transactions can be forgotten by the network. Since nodes only require the newest portion of the blockchain in order to sync with the network, we call this portion of the chain the “mini-blockchain”.
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CryptoNote V 2.0
CryptoNote – Nicolas van Saberhagen
In this paper, we study and propose solutions to the main deficiencies of Bitcoin. We believe that a system taking into account the solutions we propose will lead to a healthy competition among different electronic cash systems. We also propose our own electronic cash, “CryptoNote”, a name emphasizing the next breakthrough in electronic cash.
CryptoNote v 2.0 Annotated | | Review Of Cryptonote White Paper
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D
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Decentralized Peer to Peer Game Assets Platform, Integration with Third Party Games using Smart Contract
DacPlay
BitShares PLAY is an experiment to demonstrate and validate how a decentralized, autonomous game asset platform might be implemented. The platform features multiple provably fair games of chance, as well as the ability to integrate various third party games and their asset systems. Shares of PLAY (PLS) are combined with all of the assets of both built in and third party games form a free marketplace and exchange. Systems like this are also known as Decentralized Autonomous Companies (DAC).
BitShares PLAY Non-technical Whitepaper
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Cryptopolitik and the Darknet
Daniel Moore and Thomas Rid
Encryption policy is becoming a crucial test of the values of liberal democracy in the twenty-first century. The trigger is a dilemma: the power of ciphers protects citizens when they read, bank and shop online – and the power of ciphers protects foreign spies, terrorists and criminals when they pry, plot and steal. Encryption bears directly on today’s two top threats, militant extremism and computer-network breaches – yet it enables prosperity and privacy. Should the state limit and regulate the fast-growing use of cryptography? If so, how?
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Darkcoin: Peer to Peer CryptoCurrency with Anonymous Blockchain Transactions and an Improved Proof-of-Work System
Darkcoin – Evan Duffield, Kyle Hagan
Darkcoin is the first privacy centric cryptographic currency based on Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin. DarkSend, a technology for sending anonymous block transactions is incorporated directly into the client using extensions to the core protocol. An improved proofofwork using a chain of hashing algorithms replaces the SHA256 algorithm and will result in a slower encroachment of more advanced mining technologies (such as ASIC devices). DarkGravityWave is implemented to provide quick response to large mining power fluctuations.
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Dash: A Privacy Centric Crypto Currency
Dash – Evan Duffield, Daniel Diaz
A cryptocurrency based on Bitcoin, the work of Satoshi Nakamoto, with various improvements such as a twotier incentivized network, known as the Masternode network. Included are other improvements such as Darksend, for increasing fungibility and InstantX which allows instant transaction confirmation without a centralized authority.
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Digix Whitepaper: The Gold Standard in CryptoAssets
Digix – Anthony C. Eufemio, Kai C. Chng Shaun Djie
Digix provides a use case for the tokenisation and documentation of physical assets through its Proof of Asset (PoA) protocol. The PoA protocol utilises Ethereum1 and the InterPlanetary Files System (IPFS)2 to track an asset through its chain of custody. This allows for the open and public verification of an asset’s existence without a centralised database. Digix also offers an API allowing other applications to be built on top of our asset tokenisation service.
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Overview of DigixGlobal and DigixDAO
DigixGlobal is the first organization built on Ethereum that tokenizes physical assets onto the Ethereum blockchain, specifically 99.99% London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) approved Gold bars through our Proof of Asset (PoA Protocol). DigixDAO is a suite of smart contract Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) software created and deployed by DigixGlobal on the blockchain, and aims to work with the community to govern and build a 21st century gold standard financial platform on Ethereum.
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Distributed Concurrence Ledgers™
This whitepaper describes DisLedger – Distributed Concurrence Ledgers™ (patent pending) an architecture for distributed ledgers tailored for organizations with complex compliance requirements and high value transactions. Concurrence is an alternative to seeking consensus in distributed ledger systems and does not utilize cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin, blockchains, or sidechains.
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E
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Elastic Project: The Decentralized Supercomputer
Elastic Project – The Community, Revision 04
Elastic Coin provides the infrastructure for a decentralized and distributed computation of arbitrary tasks over the internet. In this context, Elastic Coin is built on-top of a crypto currency and provides a market-based mechanism to buy and sell computational resources. Buyers, those who need computational resources, model their problem using Elastic Coin’s software development kit and broadcast it, along with a certain amount of ELC coins, to the network. The so-called miners are then motivated to offer their computational resources in exchange for a portion of those ELC coins. The size of this portion depends on the amount of work a miner has contributed in relation to the rest of the network. Using ELC as the driving force, Elastic Coin offers potential buyers a large parallel computation cluster composed of many CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs and other devices supplied by the miners. All at a fair and market driven price.
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Decentralized Computation Platform with Guaranteed Privacy
A peer-to-peer network, enabling different parties to jointly store and run computations on data while keeping the data completely private. Enigma’s computational model is based on a highly optimized version of secure multi-party computation, guaranteed by a verifiable secret-sharing scheme. For storage, a modified distributed hashtable for holding secret-shared data is used. An external blockchain is utilized as the controller of the network, manages access control, identities and serves as a tamper-proof log of events. Security deposits and fees incentivize operation, correctness and fairness of the system. Similar to Bitcoin, Enigma removes the need for a trusted third party, enabling autonomous control of personal data. For the first time, users are able to share their data with cryptographic guarantees regarding their privacy.
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A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger (Yellow Paper)
Ethereum – Dr. Gavin Wood
The blockchain paradigm when coupled with cryptographically-secured transactions has demonstrated its utility through a number of projects, not least Bitcoin. Each such project can be seen as a simple application on a decentralised, but singleton, compute resource. We can call this paradigm a transactional singleton machine with shared-state.
Ethereum implements this paradigm in a generalised manner. Furthermore it provides a plurality of such resources, each with a distinct state and operating code but able to interact through a message-passing framework with others. We discuss its design, implementation issues, the opportunities it provides and the future hurdles we envisage.
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Blockchain: Powering the Internet of Value
This paper is the result of a research project carried out by Labs in EVRY Financial Services during the fall of 2015. The content of this report is the result of a comprehensive study, featuring online sources, literary works, as well as recordings of financial conferences such as Consensus 2015 and Fintech Week 2015. We aim to provide a comprehensive report detailing the opportunities, challenges and key success factors for financial institutions looking to leverage the opportunities presented by blockchain technology.
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A Ternary Division DAO
Expanse – Christopher Franko, James Clayton, Dan Conway
The purpose of this Whitepaper is to explain the advantages a Ternary Division DAO has for creating transparency, integrity, and longevity for an organization, while also offering a great deal of community participation. We will provide descriptions, examples and flowcharts to help simplify understanding the concept of the Ternary Division DAO; How it offers innovative advantages over past organizations in terms of solving problems of institutional corruption, external financing requirements, incentivization of development, and involvement of the community in project management without being controlled or influenced by external entities.
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